Grants for Public and State controlled institutions of higher education - Science and Technology
Explore 1,798 grant opportunities
Application Deadline
Aug 30, 2024
Date Added
Jul 11, 2024
The Walter F. Goodnough Trust offers a grant program dedicated to supporting the rehabilitation of underprivileged disabled children. The foundation's mission is fundamentally aligned with improving the health and well-being of this vulnerable population by providing funding for hospitalization within the state of Florida. This grant program is a vital part of the trust's philanthropic efforts, addressing a critical need in the healthcare sector for children facing both disability and financial hardship. The primary beneficiaries of this program are underprivileged disabled children in Florida who require hospitalization for rehabilitation. The overarching impact goal is to facilitate their recovery and significantly improve their quality of life by offering financial support for necessary medical interventions. The trust focuses its priorities on health-related programs and is committed to ensuring that eligible 501(c)(3) exempt organizations can secure funding to serve these children effectively. While the trust's grant description does not explicitly state detailed expected outcomes or measurable results beyond the term "rehabilitation," the implicit outcome is the improved health and functional abilities of the children served. Success for the program is likely measured by the number of children assisted, the specific types of rehabilitation services provided, and potentially the duration or effectiveness of their hospitalization and subsequent recovery. The foundation typically issues grants ranging from $2,500 to $5,000, with an average total giving of $15,000 per year, indicating a focus on supporting individual or smaller-scale rehabilitation projects. The foundation's strategic priorities are sharply focused on direct impact within Florida's healthcare landscape, specifically targeting disabled children. Their theory of change posits that by providing financial grants directly to qualified organizations, they can enable crucial access to rehabilitation services that underprivileged families might otherwise be unable to afford. This focused approach is underscored by the geographic limitation to Florida and the specific program area of Health, addressing a defined set of community needs.
Application Deadline
Aug 6, 2025
Date Added
Jul 8, 2025
This funding opportunity provides financial support to state agencies, local governments, and nonprofit organizations to improve the efficiency and user experience of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program through modern technology and streamlined processes.
Application Deadline
May 17, 2024
Date Added
Mar 19, 2024
The Competitive Academic Agreement Program (CAAP) provides funding for research pursuing innovative solutions in four pipeline safety and integrity challenge areas. PHMSAs 2024 CAAP focused on research and development (R) that advances equity by encouraging the participation of Minority Serving Institutions (MSIs) and by integrating equity concerns in its research topics (i.e., mitigating climate change through the safe transportation of hydrogen while limiting the risk posed to socially vulnerable communities from aging cast iron pipelines).
Application Deadline
Dec 4, 2024
Date Added
May 17, 2024
This program provides quick funding to researchers at North Carolina universities and nonprofit institutes to develop innovative life sciences projects that show strong commercial potential.
Application Deadline
Jun 7, 2024
Date Added
Mar 5, 2024
Please note that this program requests optional Notices of Intent, which are due via NSPIRES by May 3, 2024. See the full posting on NSPIRES for details. Proposers must retrieve the instructions document (zip file) associated with the application package for this opportunity as there is at least one required form that must be attached to the submitted proposal package. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Science Mission Directorate (SMD) released its annual omnibus Research Announcement (NRA), Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences (ROSES) 2024 (OMB Approval Number 2700-0092, CFDA Number 43.001) on February 14, 2024. In this case "omnibus" means that this NRA has many individual program elements, each with its own due dates and topics. All together these cover the wide range of basic and applied supporting research and technology in space and Earth sciences supported by SMD. Awards will be made as grants, cooperative agreements, contracts, and inter- or intra-agency transfers, depending on the nature of the work proposed, the proposing organization, and/or program requirements. However, most extramural research awards deriving from ROSES will be grants, and many program elements of ROSES specifically exclude contracts, because contracts would not be appropriate for the nature of the work solicited. The typical period of performance for an award is three years, but some programs may allow up to five years and others specify shorter periods. In most cases, organizations of every type, Government and private, for profit and not-for-profit, domestic and foreign (with some caveats), may submit proposals without restriction on teaming arrangements. Tables listing the program elements and due dates (Tables 2 and 3), a table that provides a very top level summary of proposal contents (Table 1), and the full text of the ROSES-2024 "Summary of Solicitation", may all be found NSPIRES at http://solicitation.nasaprs.com/ROSES2024. This synopsis is associated with one of the individual program elements within ROSES, but this is a generic summary that is posted for all ROSES elements. For specific information on this particular program element download and read the PDF of the text of this program element by going to Tables 2 or 3 of this NRA at http://solicitation.nasaprs.com/ROSES2024table2 and http://solicitation.nasaprs.com/ROSES2024table3, respectively, click the title of the program element of interest, a hypertext link will take you to a page for that particular program element. On that page, on the right side under "Announcement Documents" the link on the bottom will be to the PDF of the text of the call for proposals. For example, if one were interested in The Lunar Data Analysis Program (NNH24ZDA001N-LDAP) one would follow the link to the NSPIRES page for that program element and then to read the text of the call one would click on C.8 Lunar Data Analysis Program (.pdf) to download the text of the call. If one wanted to set it into the context of the goals, objectives and know the default rules for all elements within Appendix C, the planetary science division, one might download and read C.1 Planetary Science Research Program Overview (.pdf) from that same page. While the letters and numbers are different for each element within ROSES (A.12, B.7, etc.) the basic configuration is always the same, e.g., the letter indicates the Science Division (A is Earth Science, B is Heliophysics etc.) and whatever the letter, #1 is always the division overview. Frequently asked questions for ROSES are posted at http://science.nasa.gov/researchers/sara/faqs. Questions concerning general ROSES-2024 policies and procedures may be directed to Max Bernstein, Lead for Research, Science Mission Directorate, at [email protected], but technical questions concerning specific program elements should be directed to the point(s) of contact for that particular element, who may be found either at the end of the individual program element in the summary table of key information or on the web list of topics and points of contact at: http://science.nasa.gov/researchers/sara/program-officers-list. Not all program elements are known at the time of the release of ROSES. To be informed of new program elements or amendments to this NRA, proposers may subscribe to: (1) The SMD mailing lists (by logging in at http://nspires.nasaprs.com and checking the appropriate boxes under "Account Management" and "Email Subscriptions"), (2) The ROSES-2024 blog feed for amendments, clarifications, and corrections to at https://science.nasa.gov/researchers/solicitations/roses-2024/, and (3) The ROSES-2024 due date Google calendars (one for each science division). Instructions are at https://science.nasa.gov/researchers/sara/library-and-useful-links (link from the words due date calendar).
Application Deadline
Aug 14, 2024
Date Added
Jun 18, 2024
Proposers must retrieve the instructions document (zip file) associated with the application package for this opportunity as there is at least one required form that must be attached to the submitted proposal package. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Science Mission Directorate (SMD) released its annual omnibus Research Announcement (NRA), Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences (ROSES) 2024 (OMB Approval Number 2700-0092, CFDA Number 43.001) on February 14, 2024. In this case "omnibus" means that this NRA has many individual program elements, each with its own due dates and topics. All together these cover the wide range of basic and applied supporting research and technology in space and Earth sciences supported by SMD. Awards will be made as grants, cooperative agreements, contracts, and inter- or intra-agency transfers, depending on the nature of the work proposed, the proposing organization, and/or program requirements. However, most extramural research awards deriving from ROSES will be grants, and many program elements of ROSES specifically exclude contracts, because contracts would not be appropriate for the nature of the work solicited. The typical period of performance for an award is three years, but some programs may allow up to five years and others specify shorter periods. In most cases, organizations of every type, Government and private, for profit and not-for-profit, domestic and foreign (with some caveats), may submit proposals without restriction on teaming arrangements. Tables listing the program elements and due dates (Tables 2 and 3), a table that provides a very top level summary of proposal contents (Table 1), and the full text of the ROSES-2024 "Summary of Solicitation", may all be found NSPIRES at http://solicitation.nasaprs.com/ROSES2024. This synopsis is associated with one of the individual program elements within ROSES, but this is a generic summary that is posted for all ROSES elements. For specific information on this particular program element download and read the PDF of the text of this program element by going to Tables 2 or 3 of this NRA at http://solicitation.nasaprs.com/ROSES2024table2 and http://solicitation.nasaprs.com/ROSES2024table3, respectively, click the title of the program element of interest, a hypertext link will take you to a page for that particular program element. On that page, on the right side under "Announcement Documents" the link on the bottom will be to the PDF of the text of the call for proposals. For example, if one were interested in The Lunar Data Analysis Program (NNH24ZDA001N-LDAP) one would follow the link to the NSPIRES page for that program element and then to read the text of the call one would click on C.8 Lunar Data Analysis Program (.pdf) to download the text of the call. If one wanted to set it into the context of the goals, objectives and know the default rules for all elements within Appendix C, the planetary science division, one might download and read C.1 Planetary Science Research Program Overview (.pdf) from that same page. While the letters and numbers are different for each element within ROSES (A.12, B.7, etc.) the basic configuration is always the same, e.g., the letter indicates the Science Division (A is Earth Science, B is Heliophysics etc.) and whatever the letter, #1 is always the division overview. Frequently asked questions for ROSES are posted at http://science.nasa.gov/researchers/sara/faqs. Questions concerning general ROSES-2024 policies and procedures may be directed to Max Bernstein, Lead for Research, Science Mission Directorate, at [email protected], but technical questions concerning specific program elements should be directed to the point(s) of contact for that particular element, who may be found either at the end of the individual program element in the summary table of key information or on the web list of topics and points of contact at: http://science.nasa.gov/researchers/sara/program-officers-list. Not all program elements are known at the time of the release of ROSES. To be informed of new program elements or amendments to this NRA, proposers may subscribe to: (1) The SMD mailing lists (by logging in at http://nspires.nasaprs.com and checking the appropriate boxes under "Account Management" and "Email Subscriptions"), (2) The ROSES-2024 blog feed for amendments, clarifications, and corrections to at https://science.nasa.gov/researchers/solicitations/roses-2024/, and (3) The ROSES-2024 due date Google calendars (one for each science division). Instructions are at https://science.nasa.gov/researchers/sara/library-and-useful-links (link from the words due date calendar).
Application Deadline
Aug 15, 2024
Date Added
Aug 9, 2024
The Humanities Project Grants, administered by the State Historical Society of Iowa and funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), aim to support public humanities projects that encourage contemplation, spark conversation, and engage the community. This aligns with a broader mission to explore the human experience through educational programming. The program's strategic priority is to use humanities as a central resource to involve and benefit diverse groups of Iowans, fostering public value through deliberate public engagement and access to project activities. The target beneficiaries for this grant program include federally tax-exempt 501(c)3 nonprofit organizations incorporated and physically located in Iowa, or in border state communities demonstrating significant impact on Iowa's cultural vitality. Units of local, county, or federally-recognized tribal governments physically located in Iowa are also eligible, as are units within Iowa-based institutions of higher education with a core humanities mission. Individual filmmakers or humanities experts who are current, legal Iowa residents are also eligible, provided their projects are initiated and managed by the individual and do not primarily benefit an organization. The impact goal is to involve and benefit diverse groups of Iowans through educational programming exploring the human experience. The program prioritizes projects where humanities are central and demonstrate public value to Iowans. Eligible projects span various formats, including community discussions, lecture series, workshops, films, interpretive exhibits, and podcasts. While creative or performing arts projects may be eligible, they must serve as a catalyst for a humanities-centric project and include interpretation and/or discussion of the art. Subject areas considered include archaeology, comparative religion, cultural anthropology, ethics, folklore, gender studies, history, jurisprudence, languages, law, linguistics, literature, philosophy, and the interpretation of the arts, as well as aspects of social sciences that explore humanity and meaning within communities. Expected outcomes include increased public engagement with humanities topics and enhanced cultural vitality across Iowa. Projects are expected to benefit diverse groups of Iowans through educational programming. Measurable results would likely stem from the types of eligible projects, such as attendance at community discussions, lecture series, or workshops, or the reach of films, exhibits, or podcasts. The funding period for all project activities and expenses is November 1, 2024, to October 31, 2025, with grants ranging from $2,500 to $30,000 to cover eligible one-time project expenses. The program's theory of change posits that by funding accessible and engaging public humanities projects, it will foster deeper contemplation, conversation, and community engagement, ultimately enriching the human experience for Iowans.
Application Deadline
May 8, 2024
Date Added
Sep 27, 2023
An Ideas Lab is an intensive meeting that brings together multiple diverse perspectives to focus on finding innovative cross-disciplinary solutions to a grand challenge problem (see below and PAPPG Chapter II.F.6. for more information about this type of proposal). The goal of the Personalized Engineering Learning Ideas Lab is to extend engineering education research to enable advanced personalization in pedagogy and assessment in a K-12 or higher education context. The following broad areas have been identified as possible avenues to advance knowledge: personalized engineering education, multimodal sensing for personalized learning systems and team-based personalized learning. This Ideas Lab aims to bring together experts from diverse scientific, engineering and education backgrounds to develop innovative technologies and solutions to achieve personalized learning for engineering education. This Ideas Lab is organized by the Office of Emerging Frontiers and Multidisciplinary Activities (EFMA), the Division of Engineering Education and Centers (EEC), and the Division of Civil, Mechanical and Manufacturing Innovation in the Directorate for Engineering (ENG); the Division of Information and Intelligent Systems (IIS) in the Directorate for Computer and Information Science and Engineering (CISE); the Division of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences in the Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences (SBE); the Division of Graduate Education, the Division of Research on Learning in Formal and Informal Settings, and the Division of Undergraduate Education in the Directorate for STEM Education (EDU); and the Division of Translational Impacts in the Directorate for Technology, Innovation and Partnerships (TIP). INFORMATIONAL WEBINAR: The Emerging Frontiers and Multidisciplinary Activities (EFMA) Office will host an informational webinar in October 2023 to discuss the Ideas Lab: Personalized Engineering Learningsolicitationandtoanswer questions. Details on how to join this webinar will be posted on the EFMA Website.
Application Deadline
Apr 11, 2025
Date Added
Jan 16, 2025
This funding opportunity provides financial support for universities, businesses, and organizations to develop and implement innovative technologies that convert carbon dioxide into useful products, helping to combat climate change and promote sustainability.
Application Deadline
May 13, 2024
Date Added
Feb 14, 2024
The astrophysics community has available a diverse and powerful network of ground- and space-based instruments and facilities to enable observers to identify the electromagnetic signatures of Multi-Messenger Astrophysics (MMA) events, and then monitor and characterize their evolution. There also exists a rich set of software packages to track, schedule and support these observations. The community has identified the need to better harmonize these resources and interconnect users. The Multi-Messenger Coordination for Windows on the Universe (MMC-WoU) program will support the development of pathways or networks to increase the coordination and optimization of follow-up observations for MMA campaigns.
Application Deadline
Oct 24, 2024
Date Added
Sep 25, 2024
This funding opportunity provides financial support to organizations in New York to deliver essential work readiness training for individuals facing employment barriers, helping them develop the skills needed to succeed in the workforce.
Application Deadline
May 23, 2025
Date Added
Mar 25, 2025
This funding opportunity provides financial support for Sea Grant Programs to conduct research on emerging environmental contaminants in coastal and estuarine waters, focusing on community engagement and ecological health.
Application Deadline
Jun 21, 2024
Date Added
Mar 26, 2024
The objective of the Data Science Corps program is to help build a strong national data science infrastructure and workforce. The Data Science Corps program seeks to engage data science students in real-world data science implementation projects. This engagement will help bridge the data-to-knowledge gap in organizations and communities at all levels, including local, state, and national, and will empower better use of data for more effective decision making. Data Science Corps participants will be able to sharpen their skills in data science by working on real-world projects focused on specific community needs, including rural communities, urban communities, academia, industry, or government. This partnership between communities and data scientists will serve the nation by helping produce a workforce-ready cohort of data scientists and technologists, who have experience with data science in action in real-world settings. The program welcomes proposals that seek to broaden participation inscience, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) and STEM education. This solicitation prompts the community to respond to one or more mechanisms by which to provide students with data science education and training, including in data science issues related to knowledge representation and creation and use of knowledge graphs. The solicitation supports opportunities for undergraduates (including students from community colleges, Minority Serving Institutions, other emerging research institutions as defined in the CHIPS and Science Act, https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/4346, and institutions in EPSCoR jurisdictions), and grade 6-12 teachers and students. When responding to this solicitation, even though proposals must be submitted through theDirectorate for STEM Education, Division of Research on Learning in Formal and Informal Settings (EDU/DRL), once received, the proposals will be managed by a cross-disciplinary team of NSF Program Directors This solicitation grew out of the NSF-wide activity known as Harnessing the Data Revolution (HDR), a national-scale activity to enable new modes of data-driven discovery addressing fundamental questions at the frontiers of science and engineering. HDR has supported an interrelated set of efforts in foundations of data science; data-intensive research in science and engineering; and education and workforce development. Contact Information: Please note that the following information is current at the time of publishing. See program website for any updates to the points of contact. General inquiries may be addressed to [email protected].
Application Deadline
Feb 14, 2025
Date Added
Feb 22, 2024
This program provides funding to U.S. higher education institutions for interdisciplinary research that integrates human behavior into mathematical models to improve public health outcomes during crises like pandemics and drug-related health issues.
Application Deadline
Feb 3, 2025
Date Added
Nov 6, 2024
This grant provides funding for organizations to develop advanced neutrino detectors using quantum sensing technologies, targeting improved detection capabilities for neutrinos from various sources, including nuclear reactors.
Application Deadline
Aug 26, 2024
Date Added
May 9, 2024
The FY24 MRP Idea Award supports innovative, untested, exploratory, high-risk/potentially high-reward concepts, theories, paradigms, and/or methods that address at least one of the FY24 MRP Focus Areas in Section II.A.1. Key aspects of the Idea Award: The intent of the Idea Award is to generate novel research avenues for investigation; therefore, novelty and innovation should be key aspects of the proposed research. Research supported by the Idea Award must introduce a new paradigm, challenge existing paradigms, look at existing problems from new perspectives, or exhibit other highly creative qualities. The proposed project must be exploratory, hypothesis-driven, or hypothesis-generating research and be based on a well-developed study design and plan of analysis. Principal Investigators (PIs) new to the melanoma field are encouraged to apply. The Idea Award is NOT intended to expand or extend previously published findings or continue a line of research already established and /or funded in the PIs laboratory. Incremental advances, the next logical step, or merely switching the object or method of inquiry from one cancer to melanoma is not considered innovative. The expected outcome of research supported by this award is the generation of robust preliminary data to be used as a foundation for future melanoma-focused research projects. Inclusion of preliminary data is discouraged. PIs proposing projects already supported by significant preliminary data and/or other funding sources should consider applying to other FY24 MRP funding opportunities for which the inclusion of preliminary data is more appropriate or required. Inclusion of preliminary data other than serendipitous findings is not consistent with the exploratory/innovative nature of this award. If preliminary data are included, they should be unanticipated outcomes or results from an unrelated project or study.
Application Deadline
Aug 18, 2025
Date Added
Jul 8, 2025
This funding opportunity provides financial support to not-for-profit organizations, NGOs, and educational institutions to promote U.S. exports and improve trade relations in Bangladesh by enhancing market access and fostering a transparent business environment.
Application Deadline
Jul 8, 2024
Date Added
May 29, 2024
The Jazz & Heritage Presenting Grant, offered by the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Foundation, is designed to create job opportunities for Louisiana performing artists. This is achieved by providing financial support to local nonprofit organizations. The core purpose of the grant aligns directly with the Foundation's broader mission: to promote, preserve, perpetuate, and encourage the music, culture, and heritage of Louisiana communities. By funding events that employ local musicians, dancers, actors, and other onstage performers, the grant contributes to the Foundation's strategic objective of supporting cultural, educational, civic, and economic activities within the state. The primary beneficiaries of this grant are Louisiana-based arts nonprofit organizations and, by extension, Louisiana-based musicians and performing artists. The impact goal is to facilitate increased employment opportunities for these artists through festivals, concerts, and other public cultural events. The grant specifically focuses on live public performance fees, ensuring that the funds directly support artists' livelihoods. This strategic focus ensures that the grant's resources are channeled into direct artistic engagement and economic support for the performing arts sector. The grant prioritizes activities that occur between September 1, 2024, and August 31, 2025, emphasizing a clear timeline for impact. Eligibility is restricted to 501(c)(3) organizations or registered Louisiana nonprofits, with individuals and commercial organizations explicitly excluded. This ensures that the funding reaches established entities committed to public benefit and cultural development. The expectation is that successful applicants will demonstrate a strong alignment between their proposed activities and the Jazz & Heritage Foundation's mission, thereby contributing to the broader cultural fabric of Louisiana. Expected outcomes include a measurable increase in the number of paid performance opportunities for Louisiana artists and a greater proliferation of cultural events across the state. While specific metrics are not detailed, the emphasis on "job opportunities" and "employment opportunities" suggests a focus on the economic empowerment of artists. The Foundation's theory of change posits that by supporting nonprofit organizations in hiring local talent, it can directly contribute to the sustainability of Louisiana's unique cultural heritage and provide economic stability for its artists. The maximum grant amount of $7,500 ensures that funds can support numerous smaller-scale initiatives, fostering a broad impact across various communities and cultural expressions.
Application Deadline
Nov 19, 2024
Date Added
Aug 21, 2024
This funding opportunity provides financial support for state, local, and tribal governments, as well as nonprofits and educational institutions, to evaluate and improve crisis intervention programs aimed at enhancing public safety and addressing individuals in crisis.
Application Deadline
May 7, 2024
Date Added
Jan 16, 2024
Scientific observations, experiments, and simulations are producing data at rates beyond our capacity to store, analyze, stream, and archive the data in raw form. Of necessity, many research groups have already begun reducing the size of their data sets via techniques such as compression, reduced order models, experiment-specific triggers, filtering, and feature extraction. Once reduced in size, transporting, storing, and analyzing the data is still a considerable challenge a reality that motivates SCs Integrated Research Infrastructure (IRI) program [1] and necessitates further innovation in data-reduction methods. These further efforts should continue to increase the level of mathematical rigor in scientific data reduction to ensure that scientifically-relevant constraints on quantities of interest are satisfied, that methods can be integrated into scientific workflows, and that methods are implemented in a manner that inspires trust that the desired information is preserved. Moreover, as the scientific community continues to drive innovation in artificial intelligence (AI), important opportunities to apply AI methods to the challenges of scientific data reduction and apply data-reduction techniques to enable scientific AI, continue to present themselves [2-4].The drivers for data reduction techniques constitute a broad and diverse set of scientific disciplines that cover every aspect of the DOE scientific mission. An incomplete list includes light sources, accelerators, radio astronomy, cosmology, fusion, climate, materials, combustion, the power grid, and genomics, all of which have either observatories, experimental facilities, or simulation needs that produce unwieldy amounts of raw data. ASCR is interested in algorithms, techniques, and workflows that can reduce the volume of such data, and that have the potential to be broadly applied to more than one application. Applicants who submit a pre-application that focuses on a single science application may be discouraged from submitting a full proposal.Accordingly, a virtual DOE workshop entitled Data Reduction for Science was held in January of 2021, resulting in a brochure [5] detailing four priority research directions (PRDs) identified during the workshop. These PRDs are (1) effective algorithms and tools that can be trusted by scientists for accuracy and efficiency, (2) progressive reduction algorithms that enable data to be prioritized for efficient streaming, (3) algorithms which can preserve information in features and quantities of interest with quantified uncertainty, and (4) mapping techniques to new architectures and use cases. For additional background, see [6-9].The principal focus of this FOA is to support applied mathematics and computer science approaches that address one or more of the identified PRDs. Research proposed may involve methods primarily applicable to high-performance computing, to scientific edge computing, or anywhere scientific data must be collected or processed. Significant innovations will be required in the development of effective paradigms and approaches for realizing the full potential of data reduction for science. Proposed research should not focus only on particular data sets from specific applications, but rather on creating the body of knowledge and understanding that will inform future scientific advances. Consequently, the funding from this FOA is not intended to incrementally extend current research in the area of the proposed project. Rather, the proposed projects must reflect viable strategies toward the potential solution of challenging problems in data reduction for science. It is expected that the proposed projects will significantly benefit from the exploration of innovative ideas or from the development of unconventional approaches. Proposed approaches may include innovative research with one or more key characteristics, such as compression, reduced order models, experiment-specific triggers, filtering, and feature extraction, and may focus on cross-cutting concepts such as artificial intelligence or trust. Preference may be given to pre-applications that include reduction estimates for at least two science applications.
