GrantExec

Grants for Public housing authorities - Income Security and Social Services

Explore 344 grant opportunities

Career Pathways Secondary Data Analysis Awards
$100,000
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (Administration for Children and Families - OPRE)
Federal

Application Deadline

May 1, 2025

Date Added

Aug 2, 2024

This funding opportunity supports organizations in analyzing existing data to evaluate the effectiveness of career pathways programs that help low-income individuals, particularly those receiving TANF, achieve better employment outcomes through education and training.

Income Security and Social Services
State governments
Mentored Clinical Scientist Research Career Development Award (Parent K08 Independent Clinical Trial Not Allowed)
$100,000
HHS-NIH11 (National Institutes of Health)
Federal

Application Deadline

May 7, 2024

Date Added

May 12, 2020

The primary purpose of the NIH Mentored Clinical Scientist Research Career Development Awards (K08) program is to prepare qualified individuals for careers that have a significant impact on the health-related research needs of the Nation. This program represents the continuation of a long-standing NIH program that provides support and "protected time" to individuals with a clinical doctoral degree for an intensive, supervised research career development experience in the fields of biomedical and behavioral research, including translational research.

Education
State governments
Aliso Viejo CDBG Business Grant Program
Contact for amount
City of Aliso Viejo
Local
Rolling

Application Deadline

Not specified

Date Added

Dec 11, 2023

Grant Opportunity: Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) Program Funding Organization: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Contact Information: No specific contact information provided Program Description: The CDBG Program is a federally funded program that provides financial resources to states, cities, and counties to address community development needs. It supports the development of urban communities by creating decent housing, suitable living environments, and expanding economic opportunities for low- and moderate-income individuals. Eligibility: Eligible service programs must meet at least one of three national objectives for the CDBG program: benefit low- and moderate-income persons, aid in the prevention or elimination of slums or blight, or meet a community development need with urgency. Grant Opportunity: CDBG Business Grant Program Funding Organization: City of Aliso Viejo Contact Information: Rose Rivera at [email protected] Program Description: The CDBG Business Grant Program aims to provide pandemic relief funding to assist small businesses impacted by COVID-19 within the City of Aliso Viejo. Funding will be provided based on compliance with program guidelines, availability of funds, and submission of the required application and supporting documentation. Grant Opportunity: CDBG-CV Funding Organization: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Contact Information: No specific contact information provided Program Description: The CDBG-CV program was established under the CARES Act to provide $5 billion in CDBG funds for low-income families and vulnerable citizens affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The City has received two allocations totaling $414,751 for various activities that meet the national objectives of the CDBG program. Other Relevant Information: - 2023-2027 Consolidated Plan and FY 2023-24 Annual Action Plan outline housing and community development needs within the context of the CDBG program. - Citizen Participation Agreement ensures resident participation in the development of the Consolidated Plan and related documents. - Consolidated Annual Performance & Evaluation Report (CAPER) summarizes progress towards meeting goals outlined in the Consolidated Plan and Annual Action. - Proposed 2020-2024 Orange County Analysis of Impediments to Fair Housing identifies barriers to fair housing and outlines an

Community Development
City or township governments
HEAL Initiative Advanced Postdoctoral-to-Independent Career Transition Award in PAIN and SUD Research to Promote Diversity (K99/R00 Independent Basic Experimental Studies with Humans Required)
Contact for amount
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (National Institutes of Health)
Federal

Application Deadline

Feb 4, 2025

Date Added

Dec 15, 2022

This grant provides funding to support diverse postdoctoral researchers in transitioning to independent faculty positions while conducting innovative research on pain and substance use disorders.

Education
State governments
Projects of National Significance: Achieving Economic Mobility
$375,000
HHS-ACL (Administration for Community Living)
Federal

Application Deadline

May 28, 2024

Date Added

Jul 20, 2023

These projects will be funded under the Projects of National Significance (PNS) within the Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act. The project will focus on achieving economic security and mobility for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities. The purpose of the project may include providing aid to transition youth with intellectual and developmental disabilties, funding employment and postsecondary education opportunties, and / or assiting with assistive technology devices that may needed to help meet employment goals. Overall, these projects will create opportunities for individuals with developmental disabilities to directly and fully contribute to, and participate in, all facets of community life; and support the development of national and State policies that reinforce and promote, with the support of families, guardians, advocates, and communities, of individuals with developmental disabilities, the self-determination, independence, productivity, and integration and inclusion in all facets of community life of such individuals.Projects funded under this announcement will work toward one or more of the following performance measures:Outcome Measure 1: Number of policies changed to improve the experience of people with ID/DD and their families Output Measure 1.1: Number of people who participated in policy advocacy activities Output Measure 1.2: Number of trainings about policy implemented Output Measure 1.3: Number of policy products created Output Measure 1.4: Number of times policy products were sharedOutcome Measure 2: Number of people with ID/DD and their families who report new or increased leadership roles Output Measure 2.1: Number of tools and resources created related to leadership by people with I/DD and their families Output Measure 2.2: Number of tools and resources shared related to leadership by people with I/DD and their families Output Measure 2.3: Percent of people with I/DD and their families who reported learning new leadership skills Output Measure 2.4: Number of people with I/DD and their family members who train or mentor others as leaders or advocatesOutcome Measure 3: Percent of people with ID/DD and their families who reported increased knowledge of supports needed to help them achieve the life they want Output Measure 3.1: Number of trainings held to increase knowledge of supports available to help achieve a desired life Output Measure 3.2: Number of resources created to increase knowledge of supports available to help individuals achieve the life they want Output Measure 3.3: Number of resources shared to increase knowledge of supports available to help individuals achieve the life they wantOutcome Measure 4: Number of data resources accessed Output Measure 4.1: Number of data resources created Output Measure 4.2: Number of activities to disseminate data

Income Security and Social Services
State governments
Expanding the National Capacity for Person-Centered, Trauma-Informed (PCTI) Care: Services and Supports for Holocaust Survivors and Other Older Adults with a History of Trauma and Their Family Caregivers
$8,500,000
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (Administration for Community Living)
Federal

Application Deadline

Jul 30, 2025

Date Added

Jul 1, 2025

This funding opportunity provides financial support to organizations that develop and implement person-centered, trauma-informed care services for Holocaust survivors and other older adults with trauma histories, along with their family caregivers.

Health
Nonprofits
Limited Competition: Continued Development of INCLUDE (Investigation of Co-occurring Conditions across the Lifespan to Understand Down syndromE) Project Data Coordinating Center (U2C Clinical Trial Not Allowed)
$6,000,000
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (National Institutes of Health)
Federal

Application Deadline

Dec 12, 2024

Date Added

Nov 6, 2024

This funding opportunity is designed for organizations currently involved in Down syndrome research to enhance a data coordinating center that will improve health outcomes for individuals with Down syndrome by facilitating data integration and collaboration.

Health
State governments
NIH Pathway to Independence Award (Parent K99/R00 Independent Basic Experimental Studies with Humans Required)
$249,000
HHS-NIH11 (National Institutes of Health)
Federal

Application Deadline

May 7, 2024

Date Added

May 5, 2020

The purpose of the NIH Pathway to Independence Award (K99/R00) program is to increase and maintain a strong cohort of new and talented, NIH-supported, independent investigators. This program is designed to facilitate a timely transition of outstanding postdoctoral researchers with a research and/or clinical doctorate degree from mentored, postdoctoral research positions to independent, tenure-track or equivalent faculty positions. The program will provide independent NIH research support during this transition in order to help awardees to launch competitive, independent research careers. Frequently Asked Questions for NOT-HL-23-083 General Questions Q: What is the purpose of the Notice of Special Interest (NOSI) NOT-HL-23-083? The NOSI on Assessing Real-World Effectiveness and Implementation of Telehealth-Guided Provider-to-Provider Communication among Rural Communities (NOT-HL-23-083) aims to support research that generates evidence on the real-world effectiveness of telehealth collaboration among healthcare providers for consultation, second opinions, and other purposes, referred to as provider-to-provider telehealth (PPT). The NOSI is intended to support the use of telehealth interventions and tools for the prevention, management and treatment of heart, lung, blood, and sleep conditions, as well as cancer, in rural communities. Q: Are foreign applications allowed under this NOSI? Yes. Non-domestic entities (Foreign Institutions) and Non-domestic components of U.S. Organizations are eligible to apply under the Notice of Funding Opportunities (NOFOs) relevant to this NOSI (PA-20-185; PAR-22-105; PAR-21-035; PAR-21-341) – additional information regarding eligibility is available in Section III. Eligibility Information of each NOFO. Q: How is β€œrural” defined for the purposes of this NOSI? Different definitions of β€œrural” are used by various entities for different purposes. Rurality can be conceptualized based on administrative boundaries, land-use patterns, or economic influence; can reflect several different dimensions, such as population density, population size, and degree of remoteness; and can be delineated at different spatial scales (e.g., zip code, county, census district). Applicants should operationalize β€œrural” in the way that best serves the aims of their study. However, applicants should clearly state how they are defining rural in their application and provide a justification for the criteria they are using. A few widely used classification systems for defining rural and urban areas are provided below. Additionally, the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) provides a tool on their website that enables users to see whether a specified geographic area is considered β€œrural” for the purposes of HRSA Rural Health Grant eligibility: https://data.hrsa.gov/tools/rural-healthexternal link. This may be a good starting point for assessing whether an area of interest might be considered β€œrural”. Census Bureau Urban-Rural Classificationsexternal link - The Census Bureau delineates urban areas by applying specified criteria to the decennial census and other data. For the 2020 Census, an urban area comprises a densely settled core of census blocks that meet minimum housing unit density and/or population density requirements of having at least 2,000 housing units or a population of at least 5,000. This includes adjacent territory containing non-residential urban land uses. Rural areas encompass all population, housing, and territory not included within an urban area. National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Urban-Rural Classification Scheme for Countiesexternal link – NCHS has developed a six-level urban-rural classification scheme for U.S. counties and county-equivalent entities. The scheme is based on the Office of Management and Budget’s (OMB) delineation of metropolitan statistical areas (MSA) and micropolitan statistical areas, as well as Vintage postcensal estimates of the resident U.S. population. The scheme has two levels nonmetropolitan counties. USDA Rural Urban Continuum Codes (RUCC)external link - Rural-Urban Continuum Codes are a 9-level classification scheme that categorizes metropolitan counties by the population size of their metro area, and nonmetropolitan counties by their degree of urbanization and adjacency to a metro area. USDA Rural Urban Commuting Area (RUCA) Codesexternal link - RUCA codes categorize census tracts based on measures of population density, urbanization, and daily commuting patterns. This classification system consists of 10 levels that delineate metropolitan, micropolitan, small town, and rural commuting areas based on the size and direction of the primary (largest) commuting flows. These 10 codes are further subdivided based on secondary commuting flows. USDA Urban Influence Codesexternal link (UIC) – Urban influence codes are a 12-level classification scheme that distinguishes metropolitan counties by the population size of their metro area, and nonmetropolitan counties by the size of the largest city or town and proximity to metro and micropolitan areas. There are two metro and ten nonmetro categories. Frontier and Remote Area (FAR) Codesexternal link – Developed by the USDA Economic Research Service, Frontier and Remote Area codes are based on ZIP-codes. The term "frontier and remote" is used to describe territory characterized by some combination of low population size and high geographic remoteness. FAR areas are defined in relation to the time it takes to travel by car to the edges of nearby Urban Areas (UAs)external link. Four levels are necessary because rural areas experience degrees of remoteness at higher or lower population levels that affect access to different types of goods and services. Q: My project focuses on β€œdirect-to-consumer/ direct-to-patient” telehealth, would it still be responsive to this NOSI? No. This NOSI focuses on β€œprovider-to-provider” telehealth (PPT), which is a telehealth modality that fosters collaboration among healthcare providers for consultation, second opinions, and other purposes. Please refer to the β€œBackground” section of the NOSI for some examples of PPT in heart, lung blood, sleep and cancer conditions. Q. My university/institution is located in an urban area, would I still qualify for this NOSI? There is no restriction regarding the location of the Principal Investigator’s university, institution, or center and if it is in an urban or rural area. The limiting factor is the population of interest. The focus of this NOSI is the use of provider-to-provider telehealth (PPT) to benefit rural communities. For the definition of rural areas, please refer to the previous questions β€œHow is β€œrural” defined for the purposes of this NOSI?” Q. One of the components of my research involves a center or hospital located in an urban center/hospital, would I still qualify for this NOSI? It depends. The focus of this NOSI is the use of provider-to-provider telehealth (PPT) to benefit rural communities. As such, considering a hub-and-spoke telehealth model, the healthcare providers who require consultation and their patients (spoke component) must be in a rural area, assuring that the benefited population served by the PPT intervention is rural. Example 1: If both communicating sides of providers (hub and spoke) are in urban areas, it is not responsive to this NOSI. Example 2: If the provider receiving the consultation or training (spoke) is in a rural area, and the consulted team (hub or hub-less provider) is in an urban area, it is responsive to this NOSI, given that the population of interest benefitted by the PPT intervention is still in a rural area. For the definition of rural areas, please refer to the previous questions β€œHow is β€œrural” defined for the purposes of this NOSI?” Q. Is the NOSI restricted to telemedicine between physicians? No. The focus of the NOSI is not just telemedicine, but telehealth, which goes beyond the communication between physicians, and would include a series of healthcare providers, allied health providers, and their teams. For some examples, please refer to the β€œ Background” section of the NOSI. Q: What are some of the research examples that might be responsive to this NOSI? There are a series of research projects that might be of interest for this NOSI. For some examples, please refer to the ones listed in the β€œSelected Research Examples ” section of the NOSI. Please be aware that these are meant to illustrate some of the projects of interest for this NOSI, and other research projects not exemplified here might still be of interest. Investigators are encouraged to reach out to the Scientific and Research Contacts listed in the NOSI to discuss their research ideas and their relevance to the NOSI as well as institute funding priorities. Q. Who do I contact for more information from specific participating Institutes, Centers, and Offices? To whom should I direct my questions regarding this NOSI? To access the complete list of contacts, please refer to the β€œInquiries” Section of the NOSI, which includes Scientific and Research Contacts and Financial/Grants Management Contacts. For programmatic questions at NHLBI, please contact Dr. Fernando P. Bruno [email protected]:, for programmatic questions at NCI, please contact Dr. Robin C. Vanderpool [email protected]:. If you have submission questions, please contact the eRA Service Desk. Application Preparation and Submission Questions Q: NHLBI and NCI are collaborating on this NOSI. If an applicant has a proposal that is relevant to both cancer and to heart, lung, blood, and sleep conditions, which institute will the application be assigned to? Applicants are advised to make use of the Assignment Request Form to request the institute they would prefer to act as the β€œAwarding Component.” These requests are taken into consideration. Applicants are further advised to consider the institute they plan to choose on the Assignment Request Form when framing their specific aims. The Awarding Component Section of the PHS Assignment Request Form * All assignment suggestions will be considered; however, not all assignment suggestions can be honored. Applications are assigned based on relevance of the application to an individual awarding component mission and scientific interests in addition to administrative requirements. * Applicants may enter up to three preferences for primary assignment in the boxes in the "Suggested Awarding Component(s)" row. Note: the application will be assigned based on the most appropriate match between it, the terms of the FOA, and the mission of each possible awarding component, with your preference(s) taken into consideration when possible. Applicants do not need to make entries in all three boxes of the "Awarding Component Assignment Suggestions" section. Q: If a proposal has aims that might be responsive to more than one eligible Notice of Funding Opportunity (NOFO) – should an investigator submit an application that is targeted at two different eligible funding opportunities, or separate those aims into two different applications and submit one to each corresponding NOFO? Each application in response to this NOSI must target only one of the eligible NOFOs. An applicant can elect to submit two different applications to two different NOFOs as long as the specific aims are sufficiently distinct. If the Division of Receipt and Referral determines there is significant overlap between the two applications, the applicant could be asked to withdraw one of them.

Education
State governments
Research Enhancement Award Program (REAP) for Health Professional Schools and Graduate Schools (R15 Clinical Trial Not Allowed)
$375,000
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (National Institutes of Health)
Federal

Application Deadline

Jan 7, 2025

Date Added

Jan 10, 2022

This funding opportunity is designed to support small-scale research projects at health professional and graduate schools that have limited NIH funding, helping to enhance research capabilities and engage students in meaningful research experiences.

Education
State governments
Translational Research in Maternal and Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics (R01 Clinical Trial Optional)
Contact for amount
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (National Institutes of Health)
Federal

Application Deadline

Nov 17, 2024

Date Added

Mar 1, 2023

This funding opportunity supports research aimed at improving drug safety and effectiveness for pregnant women, breastfeeding mothers, and children, encouraging innovative studies that address their unique health needs.

Health
State governments
Biological Testing Facility (X01 Clinical Trial Not Allowed)
Contact for amount
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (National Institutes of Health)
Federal

Application Deadline

May 2, 2025

Date Added

Apr 28, 2023

This funding opportunity provides access to a specialized facility for researchers developing innovative, safe, and effective non-hormonal contraceptive methods for men and women, supporting preclinical studies necessary for future clinical trials.

Health
State governments
Interaction between ARVs and Hormones in HIV and Coinfections (R01 Clinical Trial Optional)
$4,800,000
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services - National Institutes of Health
Federal

Application Deadline

Jul 30, 2024

Date Added

Mar 29, 2024

This program will support projects to identify and characterize factors associated with gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) that may impact/contribute significantly to the prevention and treatment of HIV and/or co-infections with other sexually transmitted infections (STI)s in transgender individuals. For this funding opportunity GAHT is defined as a medical intervention, including but not limited to estrogen and/or testosterone treatment, that results in acquisition of secondary sex characteristics that align with an individual's gender identity. A growing body of data indicates that GAHT may impact the effectiveness and implementation of biomedical HIV prevention or treatment strategies and/or co-infections with other STIs. A number of factors in transgender populations present research challenges including variability in GAHT regimens, use of auxiliary drugs during GAHT care, access to participants, and access to existing cohorts, datasets, and samples. Consideration of appropriate controls, including cis-gender men and women is also a barrier. Recent studies demonstrating recruitment and retention of participants undergoing GAHT provide the opportunity to build on those studies and provide confidence that these critical studies are feasible.Letter of Intent Due Date(s) 30 days prior to the application due date

Education
State governments
Title V Competitive Sexual Risk Avoidance Education
$450,000
HHS-ACF-FYSB (Administration for Children ; Families - ACYF/FYSB)
Federal

Application Deadline

Jul 8, 2024

Date Added

May 7, 2024

The purpose of the Title V Competitive SRAE Program is to fund projects to implement sexual risk avoidance education that teaches participants how to voluntarily refrain from non-marital sexual activity. Successful applicants are expected to submit plans for the implementation of sexual risk avoidance education that normalizes the optimal health behavior of avoiding non-marital sexual activity, with a focus on the future health, psychological well-being, and economic success of youth. Applicants must agree to: 1) use medically accurate information referenced to peer-reviewed publications by educational, scientific, governmental, or health organizations; implement an evidence-based approach integrating research findings with practical implementation that aligns with the needs and desired outcomes for the intended audience; and 2) teach the benefits associated with self-regulation, success sequencing for poverty prevention, healthy relationships, goal setting, and resisting sexual coercion, dating violence, and other youth risk behaviors such as underage drinking or illicit drug use without normalizing teen sexual activity. The Title V SRAE legislation requires unambiguous and primary emphasis and context for each of the A-F topics to be addressed in program implementation. Additionally, there is a requirement that messages to youth normalize the optimal health behavior of avoiding non-marital sexual activity.

Income Security and Social Services
County governments
Development of Animal Models and Related Biological Materials for Down Syndrome Research (R21 Clinical Trials Not Allowed)
$200,000
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (National Institutes of Health)
Federal

Application Deadline

Nov 24, 2024

Date Added

Dec 8, 2022

This funding opportunity supports researchers in developing innovative animal models and biological resources to advance the understanding of Down syndrome and its related health conditions.

Health
State governments
New Approaches for Measuring Brain Changes Across Longer Timespans (R01 Clinical Trial Optional)
Contact for amount
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (National Institutes of Health)
Federal

Application Deadline

Nov 25, 2024

Date Added

Mar 20, 2024

This funding opportunity supports researchers from various fields in developing innovative methods to study brain changes over time, focusing on both healthy individuals and those with specific cognitive or emotional challenges.

Education
State governments
Secondary Analyses of Child Care and Early Education Data
$100,000
HHS-ACF-OPRE (Administration for Children and Families - OPRE)
Federal

Application Deadline

May 10, 2024

Date Added

Aug 11, 2023

The Administration for Children and Families (ACF) plans to solicit applications for awards to support researchers conducting secondary analyses of data to address key questions of relevance to the Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF). CCDF is the primary federal funding source for child care subsidies and aims to help eligible low-income working families access child care and to improve the quality of child care for all children. CCDF also aims to improve implementation of high-quality child care programs to 1) promote childrens healthy development and learning and 2) support the education, training, and well-being of child care workers through efforts that include child care licensing, quality rating and improvement systems (QRIS) and professional development opportunities. Analyzing existing data sets may provide researchers an efficient and cost-effective method for answering critical research questions of relevance to CCDF. Findings from these awards are intended to inform policy, program administration, and future research.Topics of particular interest to ACF may include, but are not limited to: reducing barriers to access and/or improvements in access to child care and early education, particularly high-quality programs for those most in need of services; consumer education; recruiting and retaining a qualified early care and education (ECE) workforce; stabilizing the supply of high-quality care and education programs; improving teacher and caregiver competencies through professional development; supporting workforce well-being; and, approaches to engage, support, and meet the needs of families. Data sets of particular interest to ACF may include, but are not limited to, the 2019 National Survey of Early Care and Education and state- or territory-level workforce registry, subsidy, Quality Rating and Improvement System (QRIS), licensing, monitoring, Child Care Resource and Referral (CCR), or Preschool Development Grants B-5 data.

Income Security and Social Services
State governments
Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award (NRSA) Individual Fellowship for Students at Institutions with NIH-Funded Institutional Predoctoral Dual-Degree Training Programs (Parent F30)
Contact for amount
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (National Institutes of Health)
Federal

Application Deadline

Not specified

Date Added

Aug 16, 2023

This funding opportunity supports students enrolled in dual-degree medical and research training programs, helping them develop into independent physician-scientists through mentored research and clinical training.

Education
State governments
Child Welfare and Domestic Violence Agency Collaborations to Support Families
$250,000
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (Administration for Children and Families - ACYF/CB)
Federal

Application Deadline

Mar 21, 2025

Date Added

Jul 30, 2024

This funding opportunity provides financial support to state and tribal agencies, community organizations, and collaborations focused on improving safety and well-being for families affected by domestic violence and child welfare issues.

Income Security and Social Services
State governments
OVC FY24 National Crime Victims Rights Week Community Awareness Projects (20252027)
$1,750,000
U.S.DOJ-OJP-OVC (Office for Victims of Crime)
Federal

Application Deadline

Jun 24, 2024

Date Added

May 1, 2024

The U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), Office of Justice Programs (OJP), Office for Victims of Crime (OVC) is seeking applications for funding. OJP is committed to advancing work that promotes civil rights and equity, increases access to justice, supports crime victims and individuals impacted by the justice system, strengthens community safety, protects the public from crime and evolving threats, and builds trust between law enforcement and the community. With this solicitation, OVC seeks to enable an organization to provide financial and technical assistance to approximately 300 communities (100 each year) nationwide to conduct public education and awareness activities on crime victims rights and services in their jurisdictions during the 20252027 National Crime Victims Rights Weeks (NCVRW). This program furthers the DOJs mission to uphold the rule of law, to keep our country safe, and to protect civil rights.

Income Security and Social Services
State governments
Time-Sensitive Opportunities for Health Research (R61/R33 Clinical Trial Not Allowed)
Contact for amount
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (National Institutes of Health)
Federal

Application Deadline

Mar 2, 2025

Date Added

Apr 25, 2024

This funding opportunity provides rapid financial support for researchers to study health outcomes related to urgent events like pandemics, natural disasters, or sudden policy changes, allowing them to gather critical data quickly.

Education
State governments